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The NIH-funded Early Randomized Surgical Epilepsy Trial was designed to determine whether anteromesial temporal resection early in the course of persistent disabling seizures (after no more than 2 consecutive years) is superior to continued medical treatment in achieving seizure freedom and improving quality of life (QOL). Additional study aims were to determine effects on cognitive function, employment, and educational status. For this multicenter, parallel-group, randomized, controlled trial, a sample size of 200 patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) was planned. Because of slow enrollment, however, the data and safety monitoring board terminated the study after only 38 participants were randomized (23 to the medical arm, 15 …