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Cross-sectional associations between depressive symptoms and diabetes have been inconsistently confirmed by prospective studies capable of identifying causality. Using data from a prospective study of subclinical cardiovascular disease, researchers performed two separate analyses to examine risk for depression or diabetes in patients with the other condition at baseline. Investigators excluded participants with cardiovascular disease (a depression risk factor) and examined potential confounders. Over 3 years, they measured blood glucose levels three times and depressive symptoms twice.
In 5201 participants without diabetes at baseline, depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D] scores >16 or new use of ant…