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Psychological treatments usually acknowledge religious and spiritual beliefs, but might not address them directly. This follow-up study of 364 individuals (mean age, 44) with alcohol dependence examined whether changes in spirituality and religiousness (SR) after 6 months correlated with alcohol use after 9 months. Alcohol measures included percentage of days abstinent, percentage of days of heavy drinking, mean drinks per drinking day, and days since last drink. SR included private practices (e.g., prayer, meditation, and scripture reading), daily spiritual experiences, sense of meaning and purpose in life, religious beliefs, forgiveness of self and others, and positive and negative religious coping (i.e., feeling watched over or punished …