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As access to antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected people slowly penetrates the developing world, preventing new HIV infections remains a high priority. Unfortunately, efforts to lower transmission rates through behavior change and use of vaginal microbicides generally have been disappointing, and an HIV vaccine remains only a distant hope.
In December 2006, the NIH announced the early termination of two randomized controlled studies of adult male circumcision in Kenya and Uganda after interim analyses showed that, in each trial, HIV incidence was halved among men who had been circumcised compared with those who had not. In both trials, researchers randomized uncircumcised, HIV-negative men to surgical circumcision either immediately or af…