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About 10% of U.S. physicians develop substance-use disorders. Affected physicians typically are referred to physician health programs that operate under the authority of state licensing boards. These programs offer evaluation and diagnosis, develop contracts for treatment and monitoring, coordinate and facilitate treatment, and monitor affected physicians (usually for 5 years). The effectiveness of such programs, however, is unclear. In this 5-year retrospective longitudinal study, investigators followed 904 physicians (average age, 44; 87% male) with substance-use disorders who were enrolled in 16 U.S. physician health programs. All physicians received professional treatment, and their return to work was conditional on treatment adherence …