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Vitamin D deficiency is associated with several chronic illnesses, but studies of its association with cognitive function have been short and have yielded equivocal results. Data from the well-known InCHIANTI study of older Italian people (J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48:1618) were used to determine the relation between cognitive decline among 858 participants (mean age at baseline, 74) and baseline levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D). 25(OH)D levels were classified as severely deficient (<10 ng/mL [<25 nmol/L]), deficient (10–20 ng/mL [25–50 nmol/L]), insufficient (20–30 ng/mL [50–75 nmol/L]), and sufficient (≥30 ng/mL [≥75 nmol/L]). Patients were assessed at baseline and every 3 years with several cognitive tests, including the Mini-Mental …