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Treatment of patients with non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer centers on lessening the likelihood of recurrence (which is uncomfortable for patients and a financial burden for the healthcare system) and avoiding progression to muscle-invasive disease (which is potentially life threatening). In a study aimed at determining optimal management strategies, investigators used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Medicare database to assess clinical courses in more than 20,000 patients with early-stage bladder cancer and treatments administered by nearly 1000 urologists and then correlated treatment intensity with disease outcome. Treatment intensity was defined based on Medicare expenditures for surveillance (e.g., endoscopic e…