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Research has suggested that smoking increases the risk for cervical cancer, but few studies have tested for an interaction between human papillomavirus (HPV) and smoking. In this population-based, case-control study, investigators evaluated the effects of these two risk factors among 375 Swedish women with cervical cancer in situ (CIS) and 363 age-matched controls.
All women had received cytologic cervical screening between 1969 and 1995, and their archived pathology slides were assayed for HPV DNA. Information on history of sexual activity, reproductive health, and smoking was collected by interview.
Women who were positive for HPV-16 had a significantly higher risk for CIS than those who were negative (odds ratio, 8.4); those with high HPV-…