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Oral contraceptives (OCs) are a common first-line medical treatment for patients with dysmenorrhea associated with endometriosis, but high-quality evidence for the efficacy of OCs for this indication is lacking. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial, researchers evaluated the effectiveness of low-dose OCs in 96 Japanese patients who had endometriosis and moderate-to-severe dysmenorrhea. Most patients exhibited radiologic evidence of endometriosis rather than disease that was diagnosed surgically; almost all had endometriomas. Participants’ use of analgesics and ability to work were assessed with a verbal rating scale (VRS); treatment effectiveness was evaluated with a visual analog scale (VAS). Size of ovarian endometrioma…