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Identifying strategies to prevent age-related cognitive impairment remains an important but elusive goal. Until a decade ago, hormone therapy was considered tremendously promising for preventing dementia in older women. However, results from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trial, as well as from other trials, reported an unexpected finding: an increased risk for dementia and worse cognitive scores among older women (≥65 years) assigned to conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) compared with placebo. These results caused great concern and confusion among medical practitioners and patients and highlighted the differences between randomized trials and observational studies. However, some suggested that there is a “critical window” of exposure du…