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Because of the clear association between chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the development of both chronic liver disease (CLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), Taiwan began a nationwide HBV immunization program. Previous studies have shown that this program — launched in July 1984 for newborn infants at high risk for infection and extended progressively thereafter to cover all infants, preschool children, and primary school children — has reduced the incidence of HCC, the prevalence of chronic HBV carriage, and mortality from infant fulminant hepatitis (IFH) in vaccinated birth cohorts. With the program at its 30-year anniversary, researchers used national mortality and cancer registry data to assess its effects on mortality …