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Despite considerable research, the health benefits of vitamin D supplementation in the general population remain controversial. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, investigators determined whether blood vitamin D levels and vitamin D supplementation were associated with risk for death.
One analysis involved 73 observational studies (mean follow-up, 0.3–29 years) that involved 850,000 participants (median age, 63; median baseline blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level, 20.7 ng/mL). Overall, compared with participants whose blood 25(OH)D levels were in the top third, those whose levels were in the bottom third had significantly greater risks for cardiovascular (CV)-related death (adjusted relative risk, 1.4), cancer-related death (…