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Advanced clear cell kidney cancer has long been known as an immunologically responsive neoplasm. Prior to the introduction of agents targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway inhibitors and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, biologics including interferon alpha and interleukin-2 were widely used, albeit with only very modest impact for most patients. Next-generation immunomodulatory agents (i.e., checkpoint inhibitors) have since demonstrated significant antitumor activity in a large number of neoplasms.
Now, investigators have conducted an industry-sponsored, phase III, randomized, open-label trial to compare the efficacy of the PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor antibody nivolumab (3 mg/kg every 2 weeks) versu…