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It hasn't been definitively established whether lithium increases the risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Danish investigators used national databases to examine the relationship between diagnosis, medication use, and CKD in 1.8 million people from 1995 to 2012. End-stage CKD (requiring dialysis or transplant) was diagnosed in 0.2% of the sample, possible CKD in 1.0%, and definite CKD in 0.8%.
The risk for all kinds of CKD was highest in people with a bipolar diagnosis, independent of all medications. In the 10,591 people with a first inpatient or outpatient psychiatric contact and a diagnosis of mania or bipolar disorder during the study period, risks for definite and possible CKD significantly increased, by a similar magnitude, with the…