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Whether patients should undergo screening for prostate cancer remains controversial. When patients elect screening and are found to have localized cancer, they essentially have three options — surgery, radiotherapy, or monitoring. In 2016, the first randomized comparison of these options, the “Protec T” trial, was published. In this U.K. trial, 1643 middle-aged men (age range, 50–69) underwent either radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy with neoadjuvant androgen-deprivation therapy, or active surveillance (i.e., prostate-specific antigen [PSA] testing every 3–6 months, and review for possible treatment when PSA rose by 50% during 12 months). Baseline Gleason score was 6 in most patients (NEJM JW Gen Med Nov 1 2016 and N Engl J Med 2016;…