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Efforts to control an African outbreak of yellow fever that began in 2015 have severely depleted the worldwide supply of yellow fever vaccine. With apparent spread of the outbreak to the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), a 10-day preemptive immunization campaign targeting 7.6 million people was undertaken in the capital city of Kinshasa in 2016. Because the vaccine supply was inadequate to immunize the target population, under World Health Organization guidance the DRC government used one-fifth the standard dose of the 17DD yellow fever vaccine in the campaign for all nonpregnant adults and children older than 2 years. Researchers subsequently assessed the serologic response in a subset of age-stratified vaccine recipients who had paired …