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Mathematical modeling suggested that “universal test and treat” (UTT) could achieve HIV epidemic control and was the basis of the UNAIDS 90-90-90 strategy. To test the UTT hypothesis, different investigator groups designed and conducted four large, population-based, cluster-randomized trials in four sub-Saharan countries. The ANRS 12249 (NEJM JW Infect Dis Jun 2017 and Lancet HIV 2018; 5:e116) achieved universal testing, but low linkage to care prevented antiretroviral therapy (ART) uptake. Investigators have now published the results of the other three trials concurrently. All the trials were conducted during transition of CD4-restricted to universal ART, which was incorporated in the standard-of-care arms. The primary outcome in all studi…