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The ProtecT trial was an important randomized comparison of treatment options for patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-detected, low-risk prostate cancer. About 1600 such patients underwent radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, or active surveillance, and 10-year mortality was similar in the three groups when outcomes were first reported 7 years ago. In 2023, the researchers provided 15-year follow-up: Prostate cancer–specific mortality (≈3%) and overall mortality (≈22%) still were similar among groups, although patients in the original surveillance group were slightly more likely to have developed metastases than were patients in the other two groups (≈9% vs. ≈5%; NEJM JW Gen Med Apr 1 2023 and N Engl J Med 2023; 388:1547; NEJM Evi…