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Although it has been proven that neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy improves survival compared with chemotherapy alone in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), whether perioperative immunotherapy would further improve outcomes is of interest. In this industry-sponsored phase 3 trial, 461 patients with resectable stage II and III NSCLC without known EGFR mutations or ALK translocations were randomized to receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus either nivolumab or placebo (every 3 weeks for 4 cycles), followed by surgery, followed by adjuvant nivolumab or placebo (every 4 weeks for 1 year).
In a prespecified interim analysis, event-free survival (the primary outcome) at 18 months was significantly higher in the nivolumab group than the placebo group (…