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Even with optimal surgical resection, up to 80% of patients with early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) experience recurrence, particularly those with bulky tumors or vascular invasion. Numerous adjuvant therapies, including atezolizumab and bevacizumab, have failed to improve outcomes. The role for perioperative immunotherapy remains underinvestigated. Now, the partially industry-sponsored, multicenter, randomized, phase 2/3 CARES-009 trial, conducted in China, has compared perioperative camrelizumab (a PD-1 inhibitor) plus rivoceranib (an antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor) with surgery alone. Camrelizumab and rivoceranib are not FDA-approved. The study included 294 patients with early-stage HCC. The primary end point was…