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In 2003, the National Association of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Physicians and the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma published guidelines on when to withhold or terminate prehospital resuscitation in traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest (TCPA). Using data from a level I trauma registry from 2003 through 2010, researchers studied prehospital TCPA patients aged ≥18 years for whom these guidelines were violated. Criteria to withhold or terminate care were (1) blunt trauma with apnea, pulselessness, and no organized electrocardiogram activity; (2) penetrating trauma with the preceding clinical presentation and no other signs of life; (3) ≥15 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation without return of spontaneous circulation; or …