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Malaria is thought to predispose to bacteremia. To test this hypothesis and to determine the magnitude of the association, investigators conducted two case-control studies in Kenya. In the first, they examined risk factors for invasive bacterial diseases. Cases were children aged 3 months to 13 years who were hospitalized with bacteremia between 1999 and 2002; controls were matched healthy infants (2 for each 1 case). In the second, they assessed the relation between the malaria-protective sickle cell trait (HbAS) and invasive bacterial disease between 1999 and 2007 — a period when malaria incidence was decreasing because of widespread use of effective control interventions, including treated bed nets and combination therapy. Cases were chi…