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Cow's milk consumption increases vitamin D levels; however, cow's milk can deplete iron stores in young children. The amount of intake required for sufficient stores of vitamin D and iron is poorly understood. Investigators recruited healthy children aged 2 to 5 years through a primary care practice research network in Toronto, Canada, over a 2-year period. They performed a cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between cow's milk and stores of vitamin D and iron. Cow's milk intake was assessed based on parental report. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and ferritin levels were measured, and skin pigmentation, vitamin D supplementation, and season were noted.
Among 1311 children, higher cow's milk consumption was associated with higher 25-hydr…