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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) has been reported in 0.07% to 12.20% of individuals taking neuroleptic drugs and has been associated with mortality rates as high as 55%. Factors associated with NMS include organic brain disorders; psychomotor agitation; dehydration; febrile disorders; use of newly introduced, high-potency neuroleptics; intramuscular drug administration; and use of depot medications. Several NMS cases have been reported during heat waves, suggesting that environmental temperature plays a role. In a case-control study, investigators examined medication levels, environmental temperature, diagnoses of mental retardation or affective disorders, and psychomotor agitation in 15 consecutive cases of NMS occurring in patients h…