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Contextual processing allows identical stimuli to be processed differently depending on the circumstances in which they are encountered, thus facilitating the selection of task-appropriate responses. Several proposed models suggest that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) mediates contextual processing; however, experimental data substantiating this claim have been limited. In the current study, researchers addressed this hypothesis by investigating seven patients with lateral PFC lesions and seven matched controls without lesions. The investigators measured event-related potential (ERP) and behavior during a visual oddball target detection task: A target stimulus was presented both after a random series of 3 nontarget stimuli and after a 100% pred…