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Research on possible abnormalities of the basal ganglia in ADHD has predominantly used conventional morphological and functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. These investigators used surface morphological techniques to assess in great detail the characteristics of basal ganglia nuclei in 47 patients with ADHD (mean age, 12.5 years) and 57 healthy comparison children. Thirty-one patients (66%) were taking stimulant medication.
Analyses took into account age, sex, and psychiatric comorbidities; 49% of patients had a co-occurring lifetime diagnosis of depression, oppositional defiant disorder, and/or specific developmental disorder (e.g., problems with reading, mathematics, written expression, or motor coordinati…