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Most lung cancers are diagnosed late, when few curative options remain, so new approaches to screening generate intense interest. The results of the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) were published in 2011. More than 53,000 current and former smokers were randomized to annual low-dose computed tomography (CT) or chest radiography (CXR) for 3 years. Identified noncalcified nodules ≥4 mm were considered to be a positive screening result; positive findings were communicated to patients and their physicians without specific recommendations for follow-up options. During a median follow-up of 6.5 years, lung cancer–specific mortality was significantly lower in the CT group: 1.33% versus 1.66% in participants screened with CXR. The number neede…