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Epithelial ovarian cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in women, largely because the signs and symptoms are nonspecific and often appear after the disease is far advanced. Researchers and clinicians have been awaiting the results of the multicenter PLCO (Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian) trial in which more than 68,000 U.S. women were randomized to undergo annual screening (measurement of cancer antigen [CA]-125 for 6 years and vaginal ultrasound for 4 years) or usual medical care. Researchers hoped to show that screening would detect ovarian malignancies earlier and lower ovarian cancer–related mortality. During a median 12.4-year follow-up, participants and their healthcare providers were provided with screening resul…