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During the past several decades, investigation of immunotherapy as a management strategy for patients with solid tumors has focused on diseases with identified tumor-specific antigens, such as melanoma, or on neoplasms that lend themselves to clinical and biological rationales for immune modulation, such as renal-cell carcinoma. Although prostate cancer does not produce readily identifiable tumor-rejection antigens (antigens that stimulate antibodies to inactivate tumor cells), using immunomodulatory approaches for treating advanced prostate cancer is an active area of clinical research.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has a defined role in recruitment and maturation of dendritic cells and has modest, but real, anti…