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Only a few years ago, renal cell carcinoma was considered to be one of the most therapy-resistant epithelial neoplasms. However, recent insights into the molecular biology of clear-cell renal cancer have been translated into clinical therapeutic advances: FDA approval of three kinase inhibitors — sorafenib (Nexavar), sunitinib (Sutent), and temsirolimus (Torisel) — has changed the management of renal carcinoma. In addition, investigators from the National Cancer Institute reported that a humanized monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor, bevacizumab (Avastin), benefited patients with cytokine-refractory renal cell carcinoma (N Engl J Med 2003; 349:427), and subsequent studies have provided further evidence of this adv…