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In patients with polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), or myelofibrosis (MF), detailed family histories often reveal the occurrence of similar disease in first-degree relatives (parents, siblings, and children). To assess whether these myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are mainly familial or are sporadic, investigators performed a retrospective, case-control study of 11,039 MPN patients in Sweden, matched (by sex, year of birth, and county of residence) 4:1 with 43,550 randomly selected, healthy, population-based controls; also included were 24,577 first-degree relatives of MPN patients and 99,542 first-degree relatives of controls. The primary outcome was risk for developing an MPN in relatives of patients versus that i…