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A preventive role in cancer has been proposed for vitamin D, whether through sunshine exposure or dietary consumption. Now, researchers have substantiated that hypothesis in a study primarily designed to investigate the effects of calcium with or without vitamin D on bone health in women; the secondary outcome was cancer incidence. In a population-based sample, 1180 white women (age >55) were randomized to receive daily placebo, calcium, or calcium plus 1000 IU of vitamin D (cholecalciferol). Adherence and health status were assessed every 6 months for 4 years, and cancer diagnoses were verified; 1024 women completed all 4 years of the study. Serum vitamin D levels were measured at baseline and annually. Analyses were based on intent to tre…