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Single-dose intrapartum nevirapine reduces the risk for perinatal HIV transmission by 40% (Lancet 2003; 362:859) and is recommended for broad-scale use among HIV-seropositive pregnant women who are not receiving antiretroviral therapy. However, women who take single-dose nevirapine are likely to develop resistance that might impair their response to first-line antiretroviral regimens. To examine whether the risk for nevirapine resistance can be reduced, investigators randomized 200 pregnant HIV-seropositive women in Zambia to receive single-dose tenofovir and emtricitabine in addition to single-dose nevirapine during labor and 200 women to receive only nevirapine; most also took short-course zidovudine starting at 32 weeks’ gestation. The f…