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Despite the success of short-term antiretroviral therapy in lowering mother-to-child HIV transmission, breast-fed infants in sub-Saharan Africa continue to be at risk for HIV acquisition: One in six becomes HIV-infected through breast-feeding into the second year. In a study of extended antiretroviral prophylaxis, investigators in Malawi enrolled pregnant HIV-positive women who planned to breast-feed. All women received single-dose intrapartum nevirapine and were counseled at each follow-up visit to breast-feed exclusively for 6 months and then to consider weaning. Infants were randomized to receive single-dose nevirapine with 1 week of daily zidovudine (control regimen) or the control regimen plus daily nevirapine (with or without zidovudi…