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Cervical cancer is a leading cause of malignancy-related mortality and morbidity among women worldwide. Preventive strategies based on cytologic screening have been implemented successfully in developed countries but are not practical for developing countries. In a partnership funded by the Gates Foundation, investigators developed a rapid human papillomavirus (HPV)-DNA test (careHPV) that can detect 14 oncogenic HPV types and is tailored for use in resource-poor settings. More than 2500 women (age range, 30–45) in rural China were recruited to be screened for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Participants provided self-collected vaginal swabs and clinician-collected cervical swabs; each woman was screened with careHPV, the Digene H…