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Young women who are not persuaded to quit smoking by the health threats of breast, lung, and cervical cancer or myocardial infarction might want to consider another smoking-related consequence: premenstrual syndrome (PMS). In a substudy of the Nurses’ Health Study II, 117,000 U.S. female registered nurses (age range at study entry, 25–42) were asked to report smoking status and diagnoses of PMS. In 1057 participants, diagnoses were validated with additional questionnaires that documented symptoms of moderate or severe PMS (at least 1 physical and 1 affective symptom that correlated temporally with menses, was absent during the week when menses ended, and significantly affected life activities and relationships). The control group consisted …