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In a recent meta-analysis, conducted for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, investigators estimated that screening mammography in women aged 50 to 59 and 60 to 69 lowered breast cancer–related mortality by 14% and 32%, respectively (Ann Intern Med 2009; 151:727). Now, Norwegian investigators have capitalized on the staggered introduction of a national mammography program to assess screening's effect on breast cancer mortality in isolation from factors such as improvements in awareness and treatment. In 1996, screening was initiated in 4 Norwegian counties, then was gradually expanded to the remaining 15 counties during the next 9 years. Before joining the screening program, each county had to establish multidisciplinary breast cancer …