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For patients with stage IB–IIIA non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the survival benefit of standard treatment — resection followed by adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy — has been modest.
To evaluate the use of immunotherapy in this setting with the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab — standard treatment for patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC — investigators conducted an industry-funded, international, randomized, phase III trial, in which 1177 patients (median age, 65; 68% men) with completely resected stage IB–IIIA NSCLC of any histology or PD-L1 expression level were assigned to receive pembrolizumab or placebo monotherapy. Most recipients had nonsquamous histology (62%–67%) and stage II disease (56%–58%) and had received pri…