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The Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study group investigated the long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functioning and on specific cognitive abilities in nondemented, community-dwelling elders (age 65 or older). The ACTIVE study was a multicenter study with 5-year follow-up. Of 2832 subjects enrolled, two thirds completed the study. Subjects were randomized to either no intervention (unblinded placebo group) or one of three interventions: training in memory, reasoning, or processing speed. Training occurred at baseline; a subset of each group received booster training at 1 and 3 years. Outcome measures included self-reported and performance-based measures of everyday functioning and both …