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An NIH state-of-the-science conference on multivitamin and mineral supplements to prevent chronic disease generated a statement based on a systematic literature review, investigator presentations, public discussion, and panel deliberations. The panel of health professionals and public representatives found the following:
Few trials of one or two vitamins found efficacy in preventing chronic disease.
Smokers should avoid β-carotene, based on evidence that it increased the incidence of lung cancer and of death.
Calcium and vitamin D can improve bone-mineral density and reduce fracture risk in postmenopausal women.
Results of single studies and examination of secondary outcomes suggest that: (1) selenium may reduce risk for prostate, lung, and col…