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Malaria is responsible for over half a million deaths annually in sub-Saharan Africa, mostly in young children. Two vaccines are available for use in children — one of these, the four-dose series RTS,S/AS01, was introduced via a cluster-randomized implementation program in Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi starting in 2019. This allowed researchers to compare mortality in areas that received the vaccine first (the implementation group) and those where introduction was delayed until 2022 or later (the comparison group). During 4 years, more than 1 million children received at least three doses of RTS,S/AS01 in the first 2 years of life. Rather than using simple mortality rates, researchers calculated, for each group, the ratio of deaths in age…