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Knowledge of the relationship between maternal influenza during pregnancy and bipolar disorder (BD) in offspring is limited. To learn more, investigators used comprehensive case-finding methods, including medical databases on all pregnancies and flu diagnoses in a large healthcare system in 1959–1966. Infection was not validated by serologic testing.
Possible BD cases were identified in the health system's database, in county health records, and from surveys mailed to participants in an ongoing study of prenatal effects on development; follow-up continued through 2011. Diagnoses of BD I, II, or not otherwise specified, or BD with psychosis were obtained through direct interviews using a structured research scale. Participants were 92 individ…