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Severe sepsis and septic shock are leading causes of morbidity and mortality. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign was introduced in 2004 to promote bundling the elements of care, thus reducing variation in patient management. There are two bundles — one for resuscitation in the emergency department (ED) and another for maintenance in the intensive care unit (ICU). To determine whether compliance with the resuscitation bundle reduces severity of illness and decreases need for the maintenance bundle, researchers conducted an observational study as part of a quality-improvement intervention implemented in 2005 at 11 hospitals in Utah and Ohio. The study involved 4329 adults with severe sepsis or septic shock who were admitted directly from the ED to…