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Recent studies have provided empirical evidence supporting early antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation to improve the health of HIV-infected individuals and to reduce transmission to seronegative partners. Consequently, the WHO has recommended treatment for all HIV-infected individuals with CD4 counts <500 cells/mm3, and for those in discordant partnerships, regardless of CD4-cell count. Success of these interventions will depend on patients' willingness to initiate treatment in a timely manner and remain in long-term care. Previous research in Africa has shown that retention in care declines with improved health. Now, investigators have examined retention and outcomes in individuals who presented with early-stage disease at two HIV treat…