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Other than borderline personality disorder, few personality disorders have been subject to rigorous psychotherapy trials. In the current study, Dutch investigators identified 323 patients with diagnosed avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive, histrionic, narcissistic, or paranoid personality disorders and randomized them to schema therapy (147 patients), clarification-oriented psychotherapy based on Rogerian principles (41 patients; treatment available at only 3 of 9 sites), or treatment as usual (TAU; 135 patients). Schema therapy combines cognitive, educational, experiential, behavioral, and interpersonal techniques; focuses on shifting ego states; and processes negative childhood experiences. Despite commonalities with clarification-o…