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The so-called Mediterranean diet emphasizes olive oil, fruit, nuts, vegetables, and whole-grain cereals, as well as moderate intake of fish, poultry, and wine with meals. One of the most highly publicized studies of 2013 was a large trial from Spain in which 7500 adults (age range, 55–80) were randomized to one of three diets: a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil (at least 4 tablespoons daily), a Mediterranean diet supplemented with walnuts, almonds, and hazelnuts (30 g daily), or a low-fat control diet. Although participants had no clinically evident cardiovascular (CV) disease, inclusion criteria were either diabetes or multiple nondiabetes CV risk factors.
During median follow-up of 5 years, rates of the primary o…