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A sizable proportion of U.S. adults take vitamin and mineral supplements for presumed health benefits. In 2003, the USPSTF issued recommendations on vitamin supplementation to prevent cardiovascular (CV) disease or cancer (Ann Intern Med 2003; 139:51) and concluded that evidence was insufficient to recommend for or against vitamins A, C, or E; multivitamins with folic acid; or antioxidant combinations. It recommended against β-carotene supplementation, because evidence showed that such supplementation did not prevent CV disease or cancer and might confer excess risk for lung cancer. For the 2014 recommendation statement, the USPSTF reviewed studies …