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The success of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in suppressing HIV replication led to cautious optimism in the mid-1990s that HIV could be cured. The recognition in 1997 that HIV persists in long-lived reservoirs, however, dashed those hopes. Therefore, the report in 2009 that an HIV-infected man (“the Berlin patient”) was cured of infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) for leukemia came as a surprise. After that success, investigators in Boston reported that two HIV-infected men had no detectable HIV following HSCT. (Unlike the Berlin patient, whose donor lacked an HIV co-receptor, the Boston patients received HSCTs from HIV-susceptible donors.) To test the hypothesis that they too may be cured of…