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Standard of care for chemosensitive patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a “salvage” chemotherapy regimen followed by autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT). To evaluate a gemcitabine-based second-line regimen versus standard second-line therapy, Canadian investigators conducted a partially funded, randomized, multicenter, prospective, noninferiority, phase III trial involving 605 patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) or transformed B-cell lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, or anaplastic large-cell lymphoma; 554 patients had B-cell lymphoma. All patients had failed prior anthracycline-based chemotherapy and most were primary refractory or had failed treatm…