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Dairy products are promoted to lower fracture risk. However, milk contains d-galactose, which induces oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in animal models and, thus, might have deleterious long-term health effects. In this observational study of 61,000 women and 45,000 men who completed food-frequency questionnaires, Swedish investigators assessed whether high milk consumption is associated with excess risk for fractures and death.
During a mean follow-up of 20 years, women who drank ≥3 glasses of milk daily (compared with those who drank <1 glass) had higher risks for all-cause death (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.9), cardiovascular-related death (HR, 1.9), cancer-related death (HR, 1.4), any fracture (HR, 1.2), and hip fracture (HR, 1.6);…